The Imperial 2x2
The United States and India primarily use the imperial system for passports. A 2 x 2 inch photograph equates exactly to 51 x 51 millimeters or 5.1 x 5.1 centimeters.
The Metric 35x45
The vast majority of the world (Europe, UK, Australia, parts of Asia) uses the metric standard. 35 millimeters wide by 45 millimeters high. This translates roughly to 1.38 x 1.77 inches.
Don't Mix Them Up
You cannot use a 2x2 inch US photo for a European Schengen visa. If you cut a 2x2 square to fit a 35x45mm rectangle, you will inevitably slice off the applicant's chin or the top of their head, failing the internal head-height ratios.
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